Ibm A Major Innovator Of Computer And Computer Related...

Brandon Krueger 10/16/14 IT IBM has been a major innovator of computer and computer related products during this century and the last. Before IBM it was C-T-R. Herman Hollerith founded this Tabulating Machine Company in 1896. Hollerith received the first patents for his electric Tabulating Machine in 1889. In 1911 a man by the name of Charles F. Flint, a trust organizer, oversaw the merging of Herman Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine company and two other companies the Company scale Company of America and the International Time recording Company. The three companies merged into one company called Computing-Tabulating-Recording company or C-T-R. C-T-R sold many different products from cheese slicers to manufacturing and marketing accounting†¦show more content†¦In 1964 IBM developed system 360 a family of computers. This was the world first family of computers with software and hardware. IBM’s researcher Robert H. Dennard invented DRAM memory in 1966. DRAM was a new kind of memory chip for computers that helped get the ball rolling for the computer industry. This memory chip was the core of the computer industry and still effects today’s computer business. In 1980 IBM representatives met for the first time with Microsoft’s Bill Gates to talk about writing the operating system for the new computer that IBM was coming out with. This new personal computer was all hush-hush. IBM had already made a dent in the personal computer market with the IBM 1500, which was pretty successful. This new personal computer had an all-new operating system that was at the time top of the line. During my research I have realized that IBM has made a great global footprint in the technology industry. There are so many different things that I could tell you about the early success of IBM I couldn’t even write about all of it. IBM is a fascinating company that has over 100 years of history and there success is unheard of. Competing companies really have no chance because of the level of innovation and research that goes into their technology. Currently IBM’s chairman, president and chief executive officer is Virginia â€Å"Ginni† Rometty. Mrs. Rometty has a bachelors of Science degree with high honors inShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Research and Development Process4444 Words   |  18 Pagesthe private-sector to undertake the research of: - Medium and long-term applied research in development of generic, forward-looking, and advanced technologies; - Short-term research to improve processes and to develop new products according to industrial needs. Most reset projects will go through a trial mass production to ensure the feasibility of new industrial technologies and plans for strategic withdrawals upon project completion. The research results areRead MoreApple Inc Case Study851 Words   |  4 Pagesit’s Apple company through two aspects. 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Situational And Interactional Levels Of Observation,...

In my oppinion, and this opinion is actualy structured after the reading in deep of several acticles of this week s reading for this class, there is no unique and valid definition of the â€Å"gang†. QUOT here As well as there are no good or bad between the two proposed definitions.. So many differents ingridients are implicated and differents conditions are playing role. I would say, that we must to like said JAMES F. SHORT JR. ( 1998) â€Å"recognize both situational and interactional levels of observation, analysis, and explanation† Each gang in my oppinion has it s own character, and at some point is unique by itself. This uniqueness can be based on ( or rased through ) a varios factors, include, but are not limited to, the gang members ( sex, age, race limits) For me the gangs, is like fraternity groups, with a difference of it to be illegal, and pursuing differents, often criminal goals. â€Å"social structures, and cultures that produces different rates of behaviors of interest?† (JAMES F. SHORT JR. 1998) Here, Omaha Police Department definition is corresponding perfectly: â€Å"A group of individuals who associate on a continual basis.† We can t call the gr oup, even the one having criminals itente for a base, to be a gang, at least it s constructed on a continual basis. 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Organisational Analysis: Notes and Essays Page i Page ii Please do not attempt to eat these notes. CONTENTS Introduction to the Workshop Topics And Themes The Nature and Scope of Organisation Theory Levels of Analysis The Metaphorical

Downsizing Essay Research Paper 1 IntroductionDownsizing is free essay sample

Downsizing Essay, Research Paper 1. Introduction Retrenchment is the procedure of # 8220 ; cut downing employment to better efficiency, productiveness, and fight # 8221 ; ( Schwind et al. , p 538 ) . There has been a surprisingly big sum of downsizing. Between 1984 and 1994 # 8220 ; entire employment of Fortune 500 companies fell by 3 million people # 8221 ; ( Anthony et al, p 655 ) . This paper will concentrate on how to pull off retrenchment and will affect analysing the retrenchment procedure in phases. First is the pre-downsizing phase. This is where an organisation analyzes the issues involved in downsizing their company. Second, there is the planning phase where by the organisation plans the retrenchment procedure that will be taken. The 3rd stage is the procedure of execution and the 4th phase being pull offing the subsisters. It is really of import that human resources be greatly involved during the complete retrenchment procedure. The ground for this is that downsizing is a really hard state of affairs for all parties involved and the procedure should be managed decently and finely. There are many different grounds why organisations feel that retrenchment is the lone option with certain keys that will take to a successful retrenchment. 2. Keies to a Successful Retrenchment Procedure As already stated, downsizing in most instances is a really delicate state of affairs. Schwind notes # 8220 ; the mean size of downsizing scopes from 14 to 20 per centum of the work force # 8221 ; . This is a really important sum of people therefore the retrenchment procedure should be handled really carefully. The six cardinal rules to maintain in head for a successful retrenchment procedure are ( Schwind et Al, p539 ) : 1. Retrenchment should be initiated from the top but requires hands-on engagement from all employees. 2. Work force decrease must be selective in application and long-run in accent. 3. There is a demand to pay particular attending both to those who lose their occupations and to the subsisters who remain with the organisation. 4. It is critical that decision-makers identify exactly where redundancies, extra costs, and inefficiencies exist and attack those specific countries. 5. Downsizing should ensue in the formation of little semi-autonomous organisations within the broader organisation. 6. Downsizing must be a proactive scheme focused on increasing public presentation. The keys outlined above are merely a guideline and other cardinal factors should besides be considered for a successful retrenchment procedure. Communicating the organisations plan to downsize and why it must make so to the work force early is good pattern. This will give the employees that are being dismissed an chance to fix for their hereafters and less of a feeling of uncertainness with their state of affairs. It will besides give the staying employees more regard for the company and give them more occupation security since they feel that the company will be honest with them with regard to company concern. Another factor that is of import to see during the retrenchment procedure is that with a reduced workforce the staying employees will necessitate to pick up the slack. In downsizing state of affairss the company should be cognizant of this fact and inquire the staying employees how they feel their occupations could be made easier in order to manage the increased work load. 3. Reasons or Advantages of Downsizing The chief ground why an organisation chooses to downsize is that a company may wish to reconstitute their organisation. Theoretically reconstituting an organisation is a agency of increasing productiveness and the efficiency of the company. Cuting the figure of employees within an organisation is the easiest and quickest manner to cutting costs. Another advantage to retrenchment is that certain places or people that are unproductive are released. An addition in international competition is another ground organisations choose to downsize. Some companies feel that in order to vie in their several industries globally that retrenchment is the solution. 4. Disadvantages of Downsizing There are both advantages and disadvantages of an organisation downsizing its figure of employees. One of chief disadvantages of retrenchment is the affect that downsizing has on the staying employees. After a major organisational retrenchment there is a lessening in morale and a sense of insecurity amongst the staying employees. The lessening in morale is non merely felt by the co-workers of the released employees but by everyone within the company at all degrees. The people that were in charge of the existent fire might experience guilty which might convey on depression. A lessening in employee trueness and a feeling of bitterness towards the company are besides a consequence of retrenchment. The consequences of which may ensue in lower productivenesss and higher turnover rates. In some instances the quality of green goods being green goodss can besides diminish as a consequence of employee attitudes. As celebrated above retrenchment is # 8220 ; theoretically # 8221 ; supposed to increase productiveness. The ground why it is merely theoretical is that there are different surveies to back up both the addition and lessening in productivenesss as a consequence of retrenchment. Surveies show that: ? # 8216 ; fewer than tierce of downsized houses received expected net income increases # 8217 ; ( Duran et al ) . ? # 8216 ; 38 % of surveyed companies that downsized reported no alteration in worker productiveness ; 34 % reported increased worker productiveness ; and 22 % reported reduced worker productiveness # 8217 ; , ( Filoposki, p. 71 ) . As can be seen from the above statistics downsizing is non ever the best solution. 5. Stairss in the Downsizing Procedure If retrenchment is inevitable, doing certain that certain downsizing stairss are implemented successfully and swimmingly can cut down the negative affects of downsizing. There are four chief processing in downsizing procedure: analysis, planning, execution, and pull offing the subsisters. These stairss make it as easy a passage as possible for all parties involved. This procedure should be implemented with a big sum of counsel from the human resource section. 5.1 Analysis The first measure in the procedure of downsizing for the human resource section is the pre-downsizing phase. This measure must be done before the determination of retrenchment is made by the organisation. This phase analyses the effects and affects that the determination of retrenchment may ensue in. The factors that are considered are the costs to the company, both direct and indirect, the stakeholders # 8217 ; demands, the employees, and how retrenchment would impact the organisation as a whole. The organisation should merely see downsizing as a long-run solution, non merely a speedy hole for the organisation. 5.2 Planning The following measure in the retrenchment procedure is be aftering phase. For the successful execution of a retrenchment procedure careful and complete planning by the human resource section and direction should be done. This procedure should get down long before the formal proclamation. If the determination of retrenchment is made in the pre-downsizing analysis phase the following measure in the procedure is to take the best manner to downsize. Two possible methods of downsizing are attrition and budget film editing. Attrition is when a company reduces its work force by non replacing employees that leave on a voluntary footing. This is a really slow procedure and therefore is non normally used as a retrenchment method. Budget film editing is the most popular type of downsizing. As specified earlier retrenchment of employees is the easiest and most widely used signifier of budget film editing. A company is able to cut down its work force while increasing, or at least non diminishing, productiveness by increasing the mechanization within the organisation, taking certain places, or increasing the work load of other employees. Another portion of planning is the determination of when to downsize and which employees should be released. The places that are less proficient should be released before the extremely proficient places since they are more hard to make full. The timing of the proclamation and the act of retrenchment is really of import. Timing should be balanced between company public assistance and employee public assistance. In deepness planning is needed if retrenchment is to be successful. The last measure in the planning phase is to make up ones mind upon the inside informations of the passage. Some of the options open to the employer are to offer: rupture wage, outplacements, and occupation guidance. These will be looked at further in the pull offing the subsisters phase. 5.3 Execution The 3rd measure involved with the retrenchment procedure is its effectual execution. The morale and productiveness of employees staying after downsizing can be a direct affect of how the retrenchment procedure is implemented. Therefore, this is the most delicate of the retrenchment processes. Therefore, it is of import for all parties involved to be considered, including directors, the employees being laid off, and the staying employees. One of the first stairss in that demand to be done is the preparation of directors and supervisors. This is done before the proclamation and is really of import in the execution stage. The supervisors need to understand that they will hold a big communicating function when the proclamation is made, and peculiarly afterwards. Employees tend to swear their direct supervisor more than anyone else in the organisation, so the supervisors need to hold the communicating and diplomatic accomplishments necessary to cover efficaciously with the inquiries that may originate. Directors and supervisors besides have to get the accomplishments to get by with stating employees they are discharged. This can be really nerve-racking and hard for most people. To pr oviding supervisors with effectual communicating accomplishments, they will hold to be given considerable information about the company’s retrenchment and future programs, so they are able to accurately and convincingly reply, employee concerns. The execution must be good planned, good organized, and good communicated. Employees should be notified in progress that there will be a retrenchment, and the existent proclamation should take topographic point on the specific twenty-four hours promised. The statement should be carefully prepared and announced to all employees at the same time. Senior directors should do the proclamation. They should be unfastened and honest about the grounds for retrenchment, explicating the concern principle behind the determination, supplying every bit much information as they can to employees, and be prepared to reply employees # 8217 ; inquiries. Senior directors must besides pass on the company # 8217 ; s vision for the hereafter. This gives the subsisters more trust in direction # 8217 ; s ability to do the company successful. Besides the senior directors should be prepared to listen to employees who need to vent their emotions right after the proclamation. The information provided should i nclude what the alterations mean, and how employees, including those non discharged, will be affected. Newsletters and meetings can be utile tools to supply information to employees. After the initial proclamation, each director or supervisor should run into with each employee in their section separately, either to inform them that they have been discharged, or to give them information on what specific alterations will be happening that will straight impact them. Communication is the key to an affectional and smooth execution procedure and should be done before rumors begin, which can do a lessening in morale and fuel bitterness. Rumours frequently consequences in over-exaggerations, which may take to insecurities amongst the work force. The existent breaks may be less lay waste toing than what the rumor express, but if there is non adequate unfastened and honest communicating, rumor may play a important function, adversely impacting morale. Even after the proclamation communicating plays a major function in the procedure. As such, companies to promote communicating through the usage of inquiry bead off boxes. Discharged employees should be treated reasonably, shown concern, given generous rupture and benefits bundles, and given aid with happening other employment, non merely to protect the repute of the organisation, but besides to guarantee that the subsisters will experience more positively about the retrenchment. Fairness is an of import factor when an organisation is in a retrenchment state of affairs. Perceived unfairness may be inevitable, but with first-class communicating, and rational grounds given to employees misinterpretations and bitterness should diminish. Employee engagement during the execution stage may assist better subsisters # 8217 ; morale and motive after the retrenchment. For illustration, employees can be involved in redesigning work, reconstituting occupations, and bettering internal procedures to make greater efficiency. Employee engagement helps subsisters experience more in control of their hereafter. This engagement may diminish some of the negative feelings that the subsister may hold, therefore productiveness should be maintained or increased as a consequence. 5.4 Pull offing the Survivors The last measure in the retrenchment procedure is the managing of the lasting employees. This measure is really of import to maintaining the morale of the staying employees. Even if the execution of the retrenchment has been done efficaciously, the company and staying employees will still hold many issues to decide. A figure of critical issues need to be addressed if these employees are to go optimally productive subscribers to the freshly downsized organisation. They are: subsisters # 8217 ; feelings of heartache, opposition to alter, fright, loss of assurance, motive, trust, committedness, self esteem, employee trueness every bit good as issues originating out of the increased work load, such as new accomplishment demands, and diminishing systems support. Many employees resist alteration even when their employment position is non threatened. When that menace is present it is non at all surprising to happen even more opposition than might be otherwise expected. The cause of this may be associated with fright. The fright is that downsizing, one time begun, will go an on-going procedure and though you may hold survived this unit of ammunition, there is bound to be another unit of ammunition and you may non be so lucky the 2nd clip around. Once the outlook of unafraid employment has been violated, fear creeps into each employee # 8217 ; s consciousness and continues to eat away at assurance, motive, trust, committedness, and self-esteem. These feelings may be intensified if the work load of an person is increased as a consequence of downsizing. Now the employee may be required to work longer hours compounded by the complication of executing work that requires the acquisition of new cognition, the mastering of new accomplishments and the constitution of new relationships. These demands are farther menaces to the assurance of many employees, who fear that if they fail in these new undertakings their occupation is at even greater hazard. Employee trueness may be a concern during the post-downsizing phase. In add-on to the increased work loads and new accomplishments needed, chances for promotion and growing are frequently diminished. These factors may take to an employee seeking for better chances elsewhere. A deficiency of trueness is one of the earliest consequences of retrenchment. An organisation can assist cut down some of the feelings that the subsisters may hold by guaranting the followers ( Mishra A. , Umiker, and Mishra K. ) : ? Employees have equal chance for personal growth/development. ? Make sure that survivors experience enhanced occupation assortment and liberty. ? There is sensible chance for promotion/advancement. ? Peoples receive appropriate acknowledgment for excellence in their work. ? Employees are given the chance to accept extra duty. ? Peoples are valued for their creativeness and thoughts. Both directors and the human resources section are responsible for helping employee accommodation to the alterations caused by downsizing. The human resources direction is responsible, possibly more than of all time before, for the development of bing staff within the organisation. Employees who survive a retrenchment frequently feel dying and betrayed. HR can assist these employees by supplying emotional support, function elucidation and calling direction aid. Employee aid plans may be one method used to help with supplying emotional support to subsisters. Directors besides have an of import function in covering with subsisters. Keeping an # 8220 ; unfastened door policy # 8221 ; is one manner to promote communicating within the section, which may assist some of the employees to cover with and show their ideas about the state of affairs around them. 6. Decision Retrenchment is a really hard pick that a company makes and affects a great trade of people in the procedure. The determination should be carefully analyzed before the existent determination is made in order to do the procedure easier on all parties involved. Six cardinal things to maintain in head along with four general downsizing stairss should be followed in order for a successful retrenchment passage. The four chief stairss are: analysis, planning, execution, and pull offing the subsisters. Following these stairss will cut down the negative affects that downsizing consequences from such as decreased trueness, productiveness, morale, and misgiving in the company. Making the downsizing passage every bit easy as possible for all parties involved is the duty of both direction and human resources. Stairss should be taken to ease the affects of downsizing on employees, discharged employees, and besides direction. The chief key to a successful organisational retrenchment procedure is g ood communicating. Bibliography 7. Mentions ? Anthony, William. , Pamela Perrewe, Michele Kacmar. Human Resource Management: A Strategic Approach Third Edition. Montreal: The Dryden Press Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1999. ? Cascio, W.F. 1993. # 8216 ; Downsizing: What do we cognize? What have we learned? # 8217 ; . Academy of Management Executive, 7 ( 1 ) , p. 96. ? Duran, Catherine A. , Vinitia E Mathews, . # 8220 ; Some retrenchment attacks more effectual than others. # 8221 ; Health Care Strategic Management, Volume 17 Issue 9, 1999. ? Filoposki, D. , November 1993, Volume 72, Issue 11, # 8216 ; Downsizing International Relations and Security Network # 8217 ; t ever rightsizing. # 8217 ; Personnel Journal, p. 71. ? Hendricks, Charles. , The Rightsizing Redress: How Directors can React to the Downsizing Dilemma. Homewood: Society for Human Resource Management and Business One Irwin, 1992. ? Mishra, Aneil K. , Gretchen M Spreitzer. , # 8220 ; Explaining how subsisters respond to retrenchment: The function of trust, authorization, justness, and work redesign. # 8221 ; Academy of Management. Volume 23 Issue 3, 1998. ? Mishra, Karen E. , Gretchen M Spreitzer ; Aneil K Mishra. , # 8220 ; Continuing employee morale during downsizing. # 8221 ; Sloan Management Review. Volume 39 Issue 2, 1998. ? Schwind, Hermann. , Hari Das, and Terry Wager. Canadian Human Resource Management: A Strategic Approach Fifth Edition. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Limited, 1999. ? Tomasko, R. Downsizing: Reshaping the Corporation for the Future # 8217 ; . New York: American Management Association, 1990. ? Umiker, William. , # 8220 ; The necessities of compassionate downsizing. # 8221 ; The Health Care Manager. Volume 17 Issue 4, 1999. 31b

Profession For Women By Virginia Woolf Essays - Bloomsbury Group

Profession For Women By Virginia Woolf "Professions for Women" Through Virginia Woolf's essay she shows how women struggle in society. Due to these struggles, women are held back from expressing their true selves. Virginia Woolf does not accept these struggles for she feels that in order for any one person to be complete he or she has to explore who they are as an individual. "Professions for Women" shows how a woman in society wants to explore her abilities as a woman, but has many obstacles holding her back. Virginia Woolf speaks through her persona in this essay by relating to her struggle as a young girl wanting to be a writer. The little girl wanted to write and wanted to explore her mind by letting it "sweep unchecked round every rock and cranny of the world that lies submerged in the depths of our unconscious being" (19). Like a fisherman, the girl wanted something, which was to write, and she had to try to go after it, but there was many things in her way. In essence the girl would never get that "larger fish"(19) because she would always hit a rock or some boundary where her mind was not supposed to go. Often, this is the case for women rather than for men. Due to the way society views men, men are taught to go after that bigger fish and get it. Woolf's inner self understand the restrictions that women have. " Be sympathetic; be tender; flatter; deceive; use all the arts and wiles of our sex. Never let anybody guess you have a mind of your own. Above all be pure" (18). That inner self identifies with societies restraints of women to explore their mind and their abilities. Societies views on men and women make it harder for women to go after what they want. Men can just try to do something and achieve what they want. Women, on the other hand, can try to achieve their highest goal and it always seems like there is something in the way that makes it that much more difficult to get it. Today's society is very different from when Virginia Woolf had these thoughts of repression. Woolf, in turn, has made it a lot easier for women to look back at the way society used to be and change societies thoughts. This was done in the hope that these same prejudices and obstacles would not be in the way of women any longer. Over time it has become easier for women to be writers and explore their mind, but for any woman there will always be some sort of obstacle in the way. "she has still many ghosts to fight, many prejudices to overcome"(20).